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	james van blaricum - oil and natural gas industry	17th May 2008, 11:27
	JAMES E. VAN BLARICUM An integral part of the oil and natural gas industry, more than 10,000 U.S. companies provide equipment, services, supplies, and design and engineering support for exploration, drilling, refining and other operations. Many are local firms, while others are global manufacturers selling products for operations around the world. signal oil and gas company Aerial Patrols - Planes are used to ensure no construction activities are taking place too close to the route of the pipeline, particularly in residential areas. Unauthorized construction and digging is the primary threat to pipeline safety, according to INGAA(james van blaricum) Anticline - Fold in layered rocks originating below surface in form of an elongated dome. signal oil and gas Multilateral well - More than one horizontal section drilled in one well. Used to maximise number of wells that can be drilled from small installations.(james e van blaricum) Gasoline is the fuel designed for spark-ignition internal combustion engines. There is a “basic recipe” for gasoline, since it must be used in a variety of vehicles with a broad range of engine types and operating conditions. ASTM International, formerly the American Society for Testing and Materials, has developed these specifications. signal oil & gas There was an early recognition that it was desirable to delay the rate of reaction of the acid and a variety of techniques have been developed to achieve this. Patents relating to several of these techniques have been issued. Further information on these retarded acid systems is given below.(james van blaricum) Essentially, salt caverns are formed out of existing salt deposits. These underground salt deposits may exist in two possible forms: salt domes, and salt beds. Salt domes are thick formations created from natural salt deposits that, over time, leach up through overlying sedimentary layers to form large dome-type structures. They can be as large as a mile in diameter, and 30,000 feet in height. Typically, salt domes used for natural gas storage are between 6,000 and 1,500 feet beneath the surface, although in certain circumstances they can come much closer to the surface. Salt beds are shallower, thinner formations. These formations are usually no more than 1,000 feet in height. Because salt beds are wide, thin formations, once a salt cavern is introduced, they are more prone to deterioration, and may also be more expensive to develop than salt domes. signal oil and gas Since World War II, petroleum has replaced coal as the United States' leading source of energy. Petroleum supplies more than 39 percent of the energy used in the United States. (Coal supplies 22 percent of our energy needs, and natural gas supplies 23 percent.)(signal oil and gas company) Halons - Halogenated carbon compounds used in fire extinguishing equipment and contributing to stratospheric ozone depletion. Being phased out under Montreal Protocol. james van blaricum Primary Recovery - Recovery of hydrocarbons from a reservoir using only natural reservoir pressure.(see also Secondary and Tertiary Recovery.)(james e van blaricum) Drilling Mud / Fluid - Mixture of base substance and additives used to lubricate drill bit and to counter act natural pressure in formation. Drilling mud provides circulation, flushing rock cuttings from bottom of well bore to surface. signal oil and gas company Hexane - Petroleum liquid found in small amounts in condensates.(signal oil and gas) [url=][/url] In certain instances, however, specialized equipment is necessary to separate oil and natural gas. An example of this type of equipment is the Low-Temperature Separator (LTX). This is most often used for wells producing high pressure gas along with light crude oil or condensate. These separators use pressure differentials to cool the wet natural gas and separate the oil and condensate. Wet gas enters the separator, being cooled slightly by a heat exchanger. The gas then travels through a high pressure liquid 'knockout', which serves to remove any liquids into a low-temperature separator. The gas then flows into this low-temperature separator through a choke mechanism, which expands the gas as it enters the separator. This rapid expansion of the gas allows for the lowering of the temperature in the separator. After liquid removal, the dry gas then travels back through the heat exchanger and is warmed by the incoming wet gas. By varying the pressure of the gas in various sections of the separator, it is possible to vary the temperature, which causes the oil and some water to be condensed out of the wet gas stream. This basic pressure-temperature relationship can work in reverse as well, to extract gas from a liquid oil stream. [url=]signal oil and gas company[/url] Revenue expenses - General and administrative (G&A) costs of a revenue nature and intangible development drilling costs are usually deducted in full as incurred.(james van blaricum) Petroleum Revenue Tax (PRT) - Applies to UK oil production and associated profits of licensees. Only to fields where Annex B consent was first given before 18 March 1993. signal oil and gas The actual process used to separate oil from natural gas, as well as the equipment that is used, can vary widely. Although dry pipeline quality natural gas is virtually identical across different geographic areas, raw natural gas from different regions may have different compositions and separation requirements. In many instances, natural gas is dissolved in oil underground primarily due to the pressure that the formation is under. When this natural gas and oil is produced, it is possible that it will separate on its own, simply due to decreased pressure; much like opening a can of soda pop allows the release of dissolved carbon dioxide. In these cases, separation of oil and gas is relatively easy, and the two hydrocarbons are sent separate ways for further processing. The most basic type of separator is known as a conventional separator. It consists of a simple closed tank, where the force of gravity serves to separate the heavier liquids like oil, and the lighter gases, like natural gas.(signal oil & gas) Gasoline is the fuel designed for spark-ignition internal combustion engines. There is a “basic recipe” for gasoline, since it must be used in a variety of vehicles with a broad range of engine types and operating conditions. ASTM International, formerly the American Society for Testing and Materials, has developed these specifications. james van blaricum Reserves: Probable - Reserves not yet "proven", but are estimated to have a better than 50% chance of being technically and economically producible.(signal oil & gas company) Dual Completion - A well completed to produce from two separate reservoirs. signal oil & gas company Petroleum (Production) Act 1934 - Onshore legislation which vested in Crown ownership of all petroleum (oil and natural gas) existing in natural conditions in strata in Great Britain.(signal oil & gas) The casing head consists of heavy fittings that provide a seal between the casing and the surface. The casing head also serves to support the entire length of casing that is run all the way down the well. This piece of equipment typically contains a gripping mechanism that ensures a tight seal between the head and the casing itself. signal oil & gas company After the crude oil has reached the refinery, huge round tanks store the oil until it is ready to be processed. Tank farms are sites with many storage tanks.(james van blaricum) An example of absorption dehydration is known as Glycol Dehydration. In this process, a liquid desiccant dehydrator serves to absorb water vapor from the gas stream. Glycol, the principal agent in this process, has a chemical affinity for water. This means that, when in contact with a stream of natural gas that contains water, glycol will serve to 'steal' the water out of the gas stream. Essentially, glycol dehydration involves using a glycol solution, usually either diethylene glycol (DEG) or triethylene glycol (TEG), which is brought into contact with the wet gas stream in what is called the 'contactor'. The glycol solution will absorb water from the wet gas. Once absorbed, the glycol particles become heavier and sink to the bottom of the contactor where they are removed. The natural gas, having been stripped of most of its water content, is then transported out of the dehydrator. The glycol solution, bearing all of the water stripped from the natural gas, is put through a specialized boiler designed to vaporize only the water out of the solution. While water has a boiling point of 212 degrees Fahrenheit, glycol does not boil until 400 degrees Fahrenheit. This boiling point differential makes it relatively easy to remove water from the glycol solution, allowing it be reused in the dehydration process. signal oil and gas Drill cuttings - Lifted continually to surface during drilling by a circulating-fluid system driven by a pump. To facilitate removal of cuttings, mud is constantly circulated down through drill pipe, out through nozzles in drill bit, and then up to surface through space between drill pipe and well bore through earth (diameter of bit is somewhat greater than that of pipe).(signal oil & gas) A new innovation in this process has been the addition of flash tank separator-condensers. As well as absorbing water from the wet gas stream, the glycol solution occasionally carries with it small amounts of methane and other compounds found in the wet gas. In the past, this methane was simply vented out of the boiler. In addition to losing a portion of the natural gas that was extracted, this venting contributes to air pollution and the greenhouse effect. In order to decrease the amount of methane and other compounds that are lost, flash tank separator-condensers work to remove these compounds before the glycol solution reaches the boiler. Essentially, a flash tank separator consists of a device that reduces the pressure of the glycol solution stream, allowing the methane and other hydrocarbons to vaporize ('flash'). The glycol solution then travels to the boiler, which may also be fitted with air or water cooled condensers, which serve to capture any remaining organic compounds that may remain in the glycol solution. In practice, according to the Department of Energy's Office of Fossil Energy, these systems have been shown to recover 90 to 99 percent of methane that would otherwise be flared into the atmosphere. james van blaricum Reservoir drive - Powered by difference in pressures within reservoir and well.(james e van blaricum) Acid stimulation - Form of hydrochloric acid is pumped down well hole to enlarge pore space in oil bearing rocks to increase flow and recovery. signal oil & gas The report analyzes natural gas demand, supply, and transmission in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The demand analysis provides an understanding of the economic and environmental determinants of natural gas consumption to estimate how the various sectors respond to different gas price regimes. The supply analysis develops a basin-by-basin supply picture, and examines potential new sources of supply such as liquefied natural gas and Arctic gas. The transmission portion of the report provides an extensive review of existing and planned infrastructure in North America emphasizing, among other things, the need to maintain the current infrastructure and to ensure its reliability.(james van blaricum) Fault - A line of fracture along which one body of rock or section of Earth's crust has been displaced relative to another. signal oil and gas There is a need for improved acidizing methods which are effective for the removal of drilling fluid damage from long horizontal intervals. Arcasolve™ is effective for this application.(james e van blaricum) [url=][/url] Heavy oil - Long chains of hydrogen and carbon atoms. signal oil and gas company Salt cavern leaching is used to create caverns in both types of salt deposits, and can be quite expensive. However, once created, a salt cavern offers an underground natural gas storage vessel with very high deliverability. In addition, cushion gas requirements are the lowest of all three storage types, with salt caverns only requiring about 33 percent of total gas capacity to be used as cushion gas.(signal oil & gas) The situation presents a challenge. The future must balance the growing demand for petroleum products with protection of the global environment. james van blaricum Horizontal drilling is a technique which has been enthusiastically adopted by the oil industry since about 1988. Because the wellbore has a greater contact area with the oil bearing zone, much higher rates of production are possible compared to conventional vertical wells. Productivity at least 2-3 times that of vertical wells can generally be achieved. Despite higher costs, return on investment is better than for vertical wells in many circumstances.(signal oil and gas company) The efficient and effective movement of natural gas from producing regions to consumption regions requires an extensive and elaborate transportation system. In many instances, natural gas produced from a particular well will have to travel a great distance to reach its point of use. The transportation system for natural gas consists of a complex network of pipelines, designed to quickly and efficiently transport natural gas from its origin, to areas of high natural gas demand. Transportation of natural gas is closely linked to its storage, as well; should the natural gas being transported not be required at that time, it can be put into storage facilities for when it is needed. james van blaricum Coal - During Carboniferous period much of world was covered with vegetation growing in swamps. This vegetation died and became submerged under water. As decomposition took place, vegetable matter lost oxygen and hydrogen atoms, leaving a peat deposit with a high percentage of carbon. As time passed, layers of sand and mud settled from water over some of peat deposits. Pressure of these overlying layers, as well as movements of earth's crust and sometimes volcanic heat, acted to compress and harden deposits, thus producing coal.(signal oil & gas company) Horizontal wells are increasingly being used in oil and gas production and their importance is likely to increase further. When bringing these wells into production, the effective clean up of drilling fluid damage along the whole of the production interval is needed. This is particularly important in low permeability formations. This can be readily achieved with Arcasolve™. Because the Arcasolve fluid is not reactive when being placed, the wellbore can be filled before most of the acid is generated. Leak off into the formation is regulated by the filter cake or other damage and there is no fluid loss due to wormholing. Subsequent generation of acid ensures that all of the production interval is treated, with the same amount of acid being supplied to all parts of the wellbore. This results in effective cleanup. james e van blaricum The U.S. has taken some steps to prevent another big oil crisis. For one thing, the U.S. has almost a three-month supply of oil tucked away in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR). Established in 1975, the SPR is only to be tapped during an energy emergency. The SPR was first used in January 1991, during the Persian Gulf Crisis.(signal oil and gas) Impermeable - Fluids cannot flow through rocks (clays, cemented sandstone or salt) where cracks signal oil & gas Platform - Fixed structure resting on seabed or piled into it.(signal oil and gas) Conductor casing is installed first, usually prior to the arrival of the drilling rig. The hole for conductor casing is often drilled with a small auger drill, mounted on the back of a truck. Conductor casing, which is usually no more than 20 to 50 feet long, is installed to prevent the top of the well from caving in and to help in the process of circulating the drilling fluid up from the bottom of the well. Onshore, this casing is usually 16 to 20 inches in diameter while offshore casing usually measures 30 to 42 inches. The conductor casing is cemented into place before drilling begins. signal oil and gas company Environmental Management Systems (EMS) - A process that examines environmental factors and activities or processes that industry uses.(signal oil and gas) Production String - Tubing or piping in a production well through which oil or gas flows from reservoir to wellhead. signal oil and gas Horizontal Drilling - Technique for cutting a bore hole in geological strata in a horizontal, rather than normal vertical, direction. (see also Horizontal well)(james van blaricum) Carbon Monoxide (CO) - Chemical compound of carbon and oxygen. signal oil & gas company Because of the subterranean origin of petroleum it must be extracted by means of wells . Until an exploratory well, or wildcat, has been dug, there is no sure way of knowing whether or not petroleum lies under a particular site. In order to reduce the number of exploratory wells drilled, scientific methods are used to pick the most promising sites. Sensitive instruments, such as the gravimeter, the magnetometer, and the seismograph, may be used to find subsurface rock formations that can hold crude oil. Drilling is a fairly complex and often risky process. Some wells must be dug several miles deep before petroleum deposits are reached. Many are now drilled offshore from platforms standing in the ocean bed. Usually the petroleum from a new well will come to the surface under its own pressure. Later the crude oil must be pumped out or forced to the surface by injecting water, air, natural gas, steam, carbon dioxide, or another substance into the deposits. Enhanced recovery techniques have increased the percentage of oil that can be extracted from a field.(james e van blaricum) Use of an acidizing system with a reaction so highly retarded that essentially no reaction takes place during the time that the acid is being pumped into the reservoir has been considered in mathematical terms. This hypothetical system has been proposed as the ultimate for a matrix treatment. Arcasolve™ (see section 5) approaches such a system. james e van blaricum Traditionally, natural gas has been a seasonal fuel. That is, demand for natural gas is usually higher during the winter, partly because it is used for heat in residential and commercial settings. Stored natural gas plays a vital role in ensuring that any excess supply delivered during the summer months is available to meet the increased demand of the winter months. However, with the recent trend towards natural gas fired electric generation, demand for natural gas during the summer months is now increasing (due to the demand for electricity to power air conditioners and the like). Natural gas in storage also serves as insurance against any unforeseen accidents, natural disasters, or other occurrences that may affect the production or delivery of natural gas.(james van blaricum) There are many different theories as to the origins of fossil fuels. The most widely accepted theory says that fossil fuels are formed when organic matter (such as the remains of a plant or animal) is compressed under the earth, at very high pressure for a very long time. This is referred to as thermogenic methane. Similar to the formation of oil, thermogenic methane is formed from organic particles that are covered in mud and other sediment. Over time, more and more sediment and mud and other debris are piled on top of the organic matter. This sediment and debris puts a great deal of pressure on the organic matter, which compresses it. This compression, combined with high temperatures found deep underneath the earth, break down the carbon bonds in the organic matter. As one gets deeper and deeper under the earths crust, the temperature gets higher and higher. At low temperatures (shallower deposits), more oil is produced relative to natural gas. At higher temperatures, however, more natural gas is created, as opposed to oil. That is why natural gas is usually associated with oil in deposits that are 1 to 2 miles below the earth's crust. Deeper deposits, very far underground, usually contain primarily natural gas, and in many cases, pure methane. signal oil and gas company As stated in (4.a.) above, removal of near well bore damage can result in significant stimulation, by say three-fold. Treatment normally involves injecting 15% HCl followed by a sufficient afterflush of water or hydrocarbon to clear all acid from well tubulars. A corrosion inhibitor is added to the acid to protect tubulars during exposure to acid. Other additives, such as anti-sludge agents, iron chelating agents, de-emulsifiers and mutual solvents are added as required for a specific formation.(james e van blaricum) Devonian - Period of geological time about 400 - 300 million years ago. james e van blaricum The U.S. has taken some steps to prevent another big oil crisis. For one thing, the U.S. has almost a three-month supply of oil tucked away in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR). Established in 1975, the SPR is only to be tapped during an energy emergency. The SPR was first used in January 1991, during the Persian Gulf Crisis.(signal oil & gas) Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) can play an important role in diversifying and expanding natural gas supplies and should be a part of a comprehensive, market-based energy policy that also encourages the development of domestic natural gas resources. Visit the Center for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) to learn more about how LNG can help meet growing U.S. demand for natural gas. signal oil and gas company Pipelines can be characterized as interstate or intrastate. Interstate pipelines carry natural gas across state boundaries, in some cases clear across the country. Intrastate pipelines, on the other hand, transport natural gas within a particular state. This section will cover the fundamentals of interstate natural gas pipelines, but the technical and operational details discussed are essentially the same for intrastate pipelines.(james e van blaricum) A third way in which methane (and natural gas) may be formed is through abiogenic processes. Extremely deep under the earth's crust, there exist hydrogen-rich gases and carbon molecules. As these gases gradually rise towards the surface of the earth, they may interact with minerals that also exist underground, in the absence of oxygen. This interaction may result in a reaction, forming elements and compounds that are found in the atmosphere (including nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, and water). If these gases are under very high pressure as they move towards the surface of the earth, they are likely to form methane deposits, similar to thermogenic methane. james e van blaricum Gas Sampling - Routine sampling of the natural gas in pipelines ensures its quality, and may also indicate corrosion of the interior of the pipeline, or the influx of contaminants.(signal oil and gas company) Three-dimensional Seismic / 3-D Seismic - Three-dimensional images created by bouncing sound waves off underground rock formations; used to determine best places to drill for hydrocarbons. james e van blaricum People have used petroleum since ancient times. The ancient Chinese and Egyptians burned oil for lighting.(james van blaricum) Framework Convention on Climate Change - UK signed Framework convention at Rio in 1992 and, along with other developed countries, agreed to return its emissions of greenhouse gases to 1990 levels by 2000 - a necessary first step. james e van blaricum Flare Stack - Steel structure on an offshore installation or at a processing facility from which gas is flared.(signal oil and gas) Natural gas, like most other commodities, can be stored for an indefinite period of time. The exploration, production, and transportation of natural gas takes time, and the natural gas that reaches its destination is not always needed right away, so it is injected into underground storage facilities. These storage facilities can be located near market centers that do not have a ready supply of locally produced natural gas. james e van blaricum There is a need for improved acidizing methods which are effective for the removal of drilling fluid damage from long horizontal intervals. Arcasolve™ is effective for this application.(james van blaricum) Carbon - Atomic number is 6; element is in group 14 (or IVa) of periodic table. Carbon content of a hydrocarbon determines, to a degree, hydrocarbon's burning characteristics and qualities. signal oil & gas Horizontal wells are increasingly being used in oil and gas production and their importance is likely to increase further. When bringing these wells into production, the effective clean up of drilling fluid damage along the whole of the production interval is needed. This is particularly important in low permeability formations. This can be readily achieved with Arcasolve™. Because the Arcasolve fluid is not reactive when being placed, the wellbore can be filled before most of the acid is generated. Leak off into the formation is regulated by the filter cake or other damage and there is no fluid loss due to wormholing. Subsequent generation of acid ensures that all of the production interval is treated, with the same amount of acid being supplied to all parts of the wellbore. This results in effective cleanup.(signal oil and gas company) Wet Gas - Natural gas having significant amounts of heavier hydrocarbons in gasoline range. james van blaricum Tubing - Piping installed in wells for production of oil and gas.(signal oil and gas) Licence - Right to explore for and exploit hydrocarbon reserves within a defined area. james van blaricum Liner - Small diameter casing extending into producing layer from just inside bottom of final string of casing cemented in a well.(signal oil & gas company) signal oil & gas signal oil & gas james van blaricum signal oil and gas company signal oil & gas company james e van blaricum james van blaricum signal oil and gas company signal oil and gas company james e van blaricum signal oil and gas company signal oil & gas company james van blaricum signal oil & gas company signal oil & gas company signal oil and gas company signal oil & gas james van blaricum signal oil & gas company james van blaricum signal oil & gas company james van blaricum signal oil & gas company signal oil & gas james e van blaricum signal oil and gas company james van blaricum signal oil and gas company signal oil and gas company signal oil & gas james e van blaricum signal oil and gas company signal oil and gas signal oil and gas company signal oil & gas signal oil & gas signal oil and gas signal oil and gas
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